Pure translucent emerald-green ('Imperial Jade' colored by chromium), lavender, white, russet red, and ink black, with a vitreous...
Chemical formula
NaAlSi₂O₆ (Sodium Aluminum Silicate)
Jade • Tremolite-Actinolite Series (Amphibole Group)
Nephrite
Spinach green, celadon green, to creamy 'mutton-fat' white, with a silky-to-waxy polish.
Ca₂(Mg,Fe)₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂ (Calcium Magnesium-Iron Amphibole)Mohs 6.0 – 6.5 Mohs (Highest fracture toughness of any natural gem mineral)
Mineralogical & Gemological Profile
| Mineral Family | Jade |
|---|---|
| Mineral Species | Tremolite-Actinolite Series (Amphibole Group) |
| Gemological Variety | Nephrite Jade |
| Chemical Composition | Ca₂(Mg,Fe)₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂ (Calcium Magnesium-Iron Amphibole) |
| Crystal System | Monoclinic (Felted fibrous interlocking aggregate) |
| Mohs Hardness | 6.0 – 6.5 Mohs (Highest fracture toughness of any natural gem mineral) |
| Specific Gravity | 2.90 – 3.03 |
| Refractive Index | 1.610 – 1.620 (Spot reading) |
Color Characteristics & Optical Behavior
Spinach green, celadon green, to creamy 'mutton-fat' white, with a silky-to-waxy polish.
Geological Context & Pakistani / Global Localities
Forms in metasomatic contact zones in serpentinites and dolomitic marbles across Khotan (Xinjiang), northern Pakistan (Mohmand/Swat/Karakoram belts), British Columbia, Russia, and New Zealand.
Collector Interest & Rarity Factors
Because its microscopic fibers interlock like felted wool, nephrite is tougher (more resistant to breaking) than steel or diamond, prized for intricate Mughal and Chinese carvings.
Fine Jewelry Applications
Carved pendants, signet cabochons, bangles, and sculptural objects.
Treatment Considerations & Disclosure
Usually untreated; must be scientifically separated from softer serpentine ('bowenite' or 'sang-e-yashm' lookalikes) via SG (2.95 vs ~2.58) and RI testing.
Care & Cleaning Instructions
Clean with warm soapy water and a soft cloth.
Traditional Meaning
Traditional Symbolism & Cultural Heritage
Treasured in Mughal court jade carvings, Chinese scholar objects, and Maori 'Pounamu' heritage as an emblem of resilience and honor.
Note: Cultural and birthstone traditions are presented strictly as historical folklore, never as scientifically verified medical or metaphysical effects.
Jade