Tourmaline • Elbaite / Fluor-liddicoatite (Cuprian Tourmaline)

Paraíba-Type (Cuprian) Tourmaline

Vivid neon swimming-pool blue, electric turquoise, and glowing mint green, powered by trace divalent copper (Cu2+) and manganese.

Na(Li,Al)₃Al₆(BO₃)₃Si₆O₁₈(OH)₄ + Cu²⁺ / Mn³⁺Mohs 7.0 – 7.5 Mohs

Mineralogical & Gemological Profile

Mineral Family	Tourmaline
Mineral Species	Elbaite / Fluor-liddicoatite (Cuprian Tourmaline)
Gemological Variety	Paraíba-Type Tourmaline (Copper-Bearing)
Chemical Composition	`Na(Li,Al)₃Al₆(BO₃)₃Si₆O₁₈(OH)₄ + Cu²⁺ / Mn³⁺`
Crystal System	Trigonal
Mohs Hardness	7.0 – 7.5 Mohs
Specific Gravity	3.02 – 3.26
Refractive Index	1.620 – 1.645

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Color Characteristics & Optical Behavior

Vivid neon swimming-pool blue, electric turquoise, and glowing mint green, powered by trace divalent copper (Cu2+) and manganese.

Geological Context & Pakistani / Global Localities

First discovered in Paraíba, Brazil (1989), and later in copper-enriched pegmatites in Nigeria and Mozambique.

Collector Interest & Rarity Factors

According to LMHC and major gemological laboratories (GIA, SSEF, Gübelin), copper-bearing elbaite of these vivid hues from Brazil, Mozambique, or Nigeria may be termed 'Paraíba tourmaline', with geographic origin specified on the laboratory report.

Fine Jewelry Applications

Ultra-luxury collector rings and bespoke high jewelry.

Treatment Considerations & Disclosure

Most cuprian tourmalines are heated (~500°C) to convert purple manganese modifiers into pure neon copper blue/green. Origin and copper content require advanced LA-ICP-MS or EDXRF laboratory confirmation.

Care & Cleaning Instructions

Clean only with lukewarm water, mild soap, and a soft cloth; never use ultrasonic or steam cleaners.

Traditional Meaning

Traditional Symbolism & Cultural Heritage

Modern icon of rarity, electric energy, and visionary discovery. October birthstone.

Note: Cultural and birthstone traditions are presented strictly as historical folklore, never as scientifically verified medical or metaphysical effects.

Tourmaline